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Main nozzle parameters
According to the requirements of the BOF blowing process, the oxygen lance must ensure the necessary oxygen‑supply intensity and provide the metallurgical bath with an appropriate impact depth and impact radius. It should both impart sufficient stirring to the molten pool and avoid excessive impact on the furnace lining that could damage the refractory material. To this end, the lance nozzle must generate a stable supersonic jet, with its number, velocity, and spread angle carefully matched to the size of the BOF bath. Consequently, the primary design parameters of the nozzle include: the number of nozzles (n), the nozzle exit Mach number (M), the nozzle throat diameter (d), the nozzle expansion angle, the nozzle exit diameter (dt), and the nozzle half‑angle (α).
The oxygen lance’s central oxygen supply pipeline is encased in two concentric seamless steel tubes, with cooling water flowing through the inner tube to protect the lance. The minimum cooling‑water flow rate Q_H2O (m³/h) is calculated as Q_H2O = 6.45 × 10⁻D × L, where D is the outer diameter of the oxygen lance pipe in mm and L is the heated length of the lance in m. The inlet water velocity at the lance body is set at 3–4 m/s, the outlet velocity at 5–7 m/s, and the water velocity at the nozzle tip at 10 m/s. The specifications of the inner and outer steel tubes, as well as the clearance between the nozzle and the tube ends, are determined based on these parameters.
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